Informed Consent

An Online Course:
Informed Consent in Psychotherapy and Counseling

The following resources and references are not mandatory reading for this online course. They provide additional information that you may wish to review. Any forms that are listed are available to the public via the Internet and therefore may change without prior notice.

Resources

• Informed Consent in Psychotherapy & Counseling: Forms, Standards & Guidelines, & References, by Ken Pope
• Informed Consent by Richard Lesley, JD, in CPH Avoiding Liability Bulletin: Part 1 & Part 2
• Informed Consent
• Informed Consent Bibliography
• Informed Consent: Records and Fees
• Resources to Informed Consent in Mental Health

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References Specific to the Legal System

• American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. (2005). Ethics guidelines for the practice of forensic psychiatry. Bloomfield, CT: Author.
• American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. (2015). Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
• American Counseling Association. (2014). Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
• American Medical Association. (2012) Code of medical ethics of the American Medical Association council on ethical and judicial affairs. Chicago: Author.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The principles of medical ethics with annotations especially applicable to psychiatry, 2013 edition. Washington, D.C.: Author.
• American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060–1073.
• American Psychological Association Committee on Legal Issues. (2005). Strategies for private practitioners coping with subpoenas or compelled testimony for client records or test data. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(2), 215-222.
• American Psychological Association. (2013). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology. The American Psychologist, 68, 7–19.
• Anderson, H.A. (2013). The psychotherapist privilege: Privacy and “garden variety” emotional distress. George Mason Law Review 21, 117–56.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (2007). Assessment of patients’ competence to consent to treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(18), 1834-1840.
• Attorney Ad Litem for DK v. Parents of DK, 780 So. 2d 301 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001).
• Bailey, D. (2003). Should you testify for your client? Monitor on Psychology, 34(9), 72-23.
• Bales, R. A. & Ray, P. (1997). The availability of Rule 35 mental examinations in employment discrimination cases. The Review of Litigation 16, 1–26.
• Barsky, A. E. (2012). Clinicians in court: A guide to subpoenas, depositions, testifying, and everything else you need to know (2nd ed). New York: Guilford.
• Beahrs, J. O., & Gutheil, T. G. (2001). Informed consent in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 4-10.
• Behnke, S. H. & Saks, E. R. (1998). Therapeutic jurisprudence: Informed consent as a clinical indication for the chronically suicidal patient with borderline personality disorder. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 31, 945-982.
• Beightol, K. L. (2013). Navigating the Medical Records Maze, Trial, January 2013, 46-48.
• Bemben v. Hunt, No. 93-C-509, 1995 WL 27223 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 23, 1995).
• Bemister, T. B. & Dobson, K. S. (2011). An updated account of the ethical and legal considerations of record keeping. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 52(4), 296-309.
• Bemister, T. B. & Dobson, K. S. (2012). A reply to Mills. Record keeping: Practical implications of ethical and legal issues. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 53(2), 143-145.
• Berg, J. W., Appelbaum, P. S., & Grisso, T. (1995). Constructing competence: formulating standards of legal competence to make medical decisions. Rutgers Law Review, 48, 345.
• Berg, J. W., Appelbaum, P. S., Lidz, C. W., & Parker, L. S. (2001). Informed consent: Legal theory and clinical practice (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford.
• Bernabei, L. & Schroeder, A. (2004). Protect Clients’ Private Health Records. Trial, 40, 32–38.
• Bernstein, B. E., & Hartsell Jr, T. L. (2008). The portable guide to testifying in court for mental health professionals: An A-Z guide to being an effective witness, (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
• Bernstein, B. E., & Hartsell Jr, T. L. (2013). The portable lawyer for mental health professionals: An A-Z guide to protecting your clients, your practice, and yourself, (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
• Blackhall, L. J., Murphy, S. T., Frank, G., Michel, V., & Azen, S. (1995). Ethnicity and attitudes toward patient autonomy. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(10), 820-825.
• Borkosky, B. G. (2014). Who is the client and who controls disclosure of records in a forensic evaluation? A review of ethics codes and practice guidelines. Psychological Injury and Law, 7(3), 264-289.
• Borkosky, B., & Thomas, M. S. (2013). Florida’s psychotherapist-patient privilege in family court. Florida Bar Journal, 87, 35–40.
• Boucher, A. O. (2007). Implied Waiver of Physician and Psychotherapist-Patent Privilege in North Dakota Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury Litigation. North Dakota Law Review, 83, 855-885.
• Boumil, M. M., Freitas, D. F., & Freitas, C. F. (2012). Waiver of the psychotherapist-patient privilege: Implications for child custody litigation. Health Matrix, 22, 1-31.
• Boumil, M., & Hattis, P. (2011). Medical Liability in a Nutshell, (3rd ed.) New York: WestBoynton v. Burglass, 590 So. 2d 446 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1991).
• Braddock III, C. H., Fihn, S. D., Levinson, W., Jonsen, A. R., & Pearlman, R. A. (1997). How doctors and patients discuss routine clinical decisions. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12. 339-345.
• Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F.2d 772 (D.C.Cir. 1972)
• Carrese, J. A., & Rhodes, L. A. (1995). Western bioethics on the Navajo reservation: benefit or harm? The Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(10), 826-829.
• Clinical Social Work Association. (1997). Code of Ethics. Garrisonville, VA.
• Cobbs v. Grant, 502 P.2d I (Cal. 1972)
• Cohen, B. (2006). Reconciling the HIPAA privacy rule with state laws regulating ex parte interviews of plaintiffs’ treating physicians: A guide to performing HIPAA preemption analysis. Houston Law Review, 43, 1091-1142.
• Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 496 U.S. 261 (1990)
• Damschroder, L. J., Pritts, J. L., Neblo, M. A., Kalarickal, R. J., Creswell, J. W., & Hayward, R. A. (2007). Patients, privacy and trust: Patients’ willingness to allow researchers to access their medical records. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1), 223-235.
• DeKraai, M. B., & Sales, B. D. (1982). Privileged communications of psychologists. Professional Psychology, 13(3), 372-388.
• Doe v. City of Chula Vista, 196 F.R.D. 562 (S.D. Cal. 1999).
• Doyal, L. (2002). Good clinical practice and informed consent are inseparable. Heart, 87(2), 103-105.
• Dwyer, S. A. (2012). Informed consent in court-involved therapy. Journal of Child Custody, 9(1-2), 108-125.
• Ebert, B. (2012). Ethical and practice standards and guides for mental health professionals. In D. Faust, (Ed.) Coping with Psychiatric and Psychological Testimony, (6th ed.). (pp. 266-278). New York: Oxford.
• Ellis, E. M. (2009). Should a psychotherapist be compelled to disclosure an adolescent’s treatment records to a parent in a contested custody case? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(6), 557.
• Ellis, E. M. (2012). What Are the Confidentiality Rights of Collaterals in Family Therapy? The American Journal of Family Therapy, 40(5), 369-384.
• Estelle v. Smith, 101 S. Ct. 1866 (1981).
• Evenson v. HARTFORD LIFE & ANN. INS. CO., No. 6: 07-cv-224-Orl-28UAM (M.D. Fla. Sept. 28, 2007).
• Eykel, I. V. & Miskel, E. (2012). The Mental Health Privilege in Divorce and Custody Cases. Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 25(2). 453-476.
• Falagas, M. E., Korbila, I. P., Giannopoulou, K. P., Kondilis, B. K., & Peppas, G. (2009). Informed consent: How much and what do patients understand? The American Journal of Surgery, 198(3), 420-435.
• Fidnick, H. L. S., Koch, K. A., Greenberg, L. R., & Sullivan, M. (2011). Guidelines for court-involved therapy: A best practice approach for mental health professionals. Family Court Review, 49, 557–563.
• Fitzgerald v. Cassil, 216 F.R.D. 632 (N.D. Cal. 2003)
• Fitzpatrick, R. B. (2006). Working with mental health experts on workplace claims: Some practical advice. Continuing education presented February 9-10, 2006, Washington, D.C..
• Foote W.E. & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2005). Evaluating sexual harassment: Psychological, social, and legal considerations in forensic examinations. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
• Foote, W. E., & Shuman, D. W. (2006). Consent, disclosure, and waiver for the forensic psychological evaluation: Rethinking the roles of psychologist and lawyer. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(5), 437-445.
• Frazier v. Topeka Metal Specialties, Inc., No. 99-4029-DES, 2001 WL 138893 (D. Kan. Feb. 15, 2001).
• Gold, L. H., & Shuman, D. W. (2009). Evaluating mental health disability in the workplace. Springer.
• Gostin, L. O. (1995). Informed consent, cultural sensitivity, and respect for persons. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(10), 844-845.
• Greenberg, S. A., & Shuman, D. W. (1997). Irreconcilable conflict between therapeutic and forensic roles. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28(1), 50-57.
• Grisso, T., & Appelbaum, P. S. (1998a). MacArthur competence assessment tool for treatment (MacCAT-T). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
• Grisso, T., & Appelbaum, P. S. (1998b). Assessing competence to consent to treatment: A guide for physicians and other health professionals. Oxford University Press.
• Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, (1965)
• Hall A. (2001) The role of effective communication in obtaining informed consent. In L. Doyal & J. Tobias (Eds.), Informed consent in medical research (pp. 291–8). London: BMJ.
• Hall, M. A., Bobinski, M. A., & Orentlicher, D. (2005). Medical Liability and Treatment Relationships. New York: Aspen
• Hall, M. A., Ellman, I. M., & Orentlicher, D. (2011). Health care law and ethics in a nutshell. St. Paul, MN: West.
• Hamberger, L. K. (2000). Requests for complete record disclosure: A three-step response protocol. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37(1), 89-97.
• Handelsman, M. M., Kemper, M. B., Kesson-Craig, P., McLain, J., & Johnsrud, C. (1986). Use, content, and readability of written informed consent forms for treatment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17, 514-518.
• Heilbrun, K. (2001). Principles of forensic mental health assessment. New York: Plenum Press.
• Hughes v. Schatzberg, 872 So. 2d 996, 998 (Fla. Ct. App. 2004).
• Jacob, S. & Powers, K. (2009). Privileged communication in the school psychologist–client relationship. Psychology in the Schools, 46(4), 307-318.
• Jennings, F. L., & Hays, J. R. (2011). How are treating psychologists to respond to requests for court testimony? Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology, 3, 20-30.
• Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 116 S. Ct. 1923, 135 L. Ed. 2d 337 (1996).
• Johnson-Greene, D. (2005). Informed consent in clinical neuropsychology practice: Official statement of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(3), 335-340.
• Johnston v. Weil, 241 Ill.2d 169, 349 Ill.Dec. 135, 946 N.E.2d 329 (2011).
• Kandoian, E. (1984). The parent-child privilege and the parent-child crime: Observations on State v. Delong and in Re: Agosto. Maine Law Review, 36(1), 59-91.
• Kasdaglis v. Department of Health of State, 827 So. 2d 328 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002).
• Katz, J. (1984). The silent world of doctor and patient. New York: Free Press.
• Kaufmann, P. M. (2009). Protecting raw data and psychological tests from wrongful disclosure: A primer on the law and other persuasive strategies. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(7), 1130-1159.
• Kimmons, C. (1980). A survey of attitudes towards confidentiality. Unpublished master’s thesis, Murray State University. Murray, KY
• King, J. S., & Moulton, B. W. (2006). Rethinking informed consent: The case for shared medical decision-making. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 32, 429-501.
• King Jr., J. H. (1981). Causation, valuation, and chance in personal injury torts involving preexisting conditions and future consequences. Yale Law Journal 90, 1353–1397.
• Knapp, S. J., & VandeCreek, L. (2006). Practical ethics for psychologists: A positive approach. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
• Knapp, S., & VandeCreek, L. (2001). Ethical issues in personality assessment in forensic psychology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 242–254.
• Knops, A. M., Legemate, D. A., Goossens, A., Bossuyt, P. M., & Ubbink, D. T. (2013). Decision aids for patients facing a surgical treatment decision: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of surgery, 257(5), 860-866.
• Koocher, G. P. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (2007). Ethics in psychology and the mental health professions: Standards and cases. London: Oxford
• Levy, J., Galambos, G., & Skarbek, Y. (2014). The erosion of psychiatrist-patient confidentiality by subpoenas. Australasian Psychiatry, 22(4), 332-336.
• Maday v. Public Libraries of Saginaw, 480 F.3d 815 (6th Cir. 2007).
• Magee v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co, 178 F.R.D. 33 (E.D.N.Y. 1998).
• Margolin, G. (1982). Ethical and legal considerations in marital and family therapy. American Psychologist, 37(7), 788-801.
• Mason, J. H., & Ekman, C. L. (1998). Defending against damages claims in discrimination cases, Labor Law, 13, 471–498.
• McDonald Jr., J. J. & Kulick, F. B. (2001). Mental and emotional injuries in employment litigation (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs.
• McSherry, B. (2004). Third party access to shared electronic mental health records: Ethical issues. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 11(1), 53-62
• Meisel, A. & Kuczewski, M. (1996). Legal and ethical myths about informed consent. Archives of Internal Medicine, 156(22), 2521-2526.
• Melton, G. B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. G., & Slobogin, C. (2007). Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers (3d ed.). New York: Guilford.
• Meyer, R. G., & Weaver, C. M. (2013). Law and mental health: A case-based approach (EPUB e-Book ed.). New York: Guilford.
• Miller, F. H. (1992). Denial of health care and informed consent in English and American law. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 18, 37.
• Moore v Regents of the University of California, 51 Cal 3d 120, 271 Cal Rptr 146, 793 P 2d 479 (1990).
• Murray v. Bd. of Education, 199 F.R.D. 154 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).
• Nagy, T. F. (2011). Informed consent, In Essential ethics for psychologists: A primer for understanding and mastering core issues. (pp. 89-104). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
• National Association of Forensic Counselors. (2010). Ethical standards and code of conduct. Fort Wayne, IN: Author.
• National Organization of Forensic Social Work. (2011). Code of Ethics. Middletown, CT: Author.
• Nishimura, A., Carey, J., Erwin, P. J., Tilburt, J. C., Murad, M. H., & McCormick, J. B. (2013). Improving understanding in the research informed consent process: A systematic review of 54 interventions tested in randomized control trials. BMC Medical Ethics, 14(1), 28.
• Paruch, D. (2009). The psychotherapist-patient privilege in the family court: An exemplar of disharmony between social policy goals, professional ethics, and the current state of the law. Northern Illinois University Law Review, 29(3), 499-570.
• People v. Knuckles, 165 Ill. 2d 125, 129, 650 N.E.2d 974, 976 (Ill. 1995).
• Perlin, M. L. (1992). On “Sanism”. Southern Methodist University Law Review, 46(373), 404-06.
• Perlman, G. L. (2012). A judicial perspective on psychotherapist–client privilege: Ten practical tips for clinicians. Journal of Child Custody, 9(1-2), 126-152.
• Pomerantz, A. M., & Handelsman, M. M. (2004). Informed consent revisited: An updated written question format. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(2), 201-205.
• Price v. County of San Diego, 165 F.R.D. 614, 622–23 (S.D. Cal. 1996).
• Revels v. Vincenz, 382 F.3d 870, 877 (8th Cir. 2004).
• Roback, H. B., & Shelton, M. (1995). Effects of confidentiality limitations on the psychotherapeutic process. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 4(3), 185-193.
• Robinson, D. A. (1994). Discovery of the plaintiff’s mental health history in an employment discrimination case. Western New England Law Review, 16, 55-77.
• Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
• Rosen, C. (1977). Signing away medical privacy. APA Monitor; 8(2); 7, 13.
• Salgo v Leland Stanford Jr, University Board of Trustees, 317 P.2d 170 (Cal Ct App 1957)
• Sarkozy, N. (2010). Addressing negative effects of psychotherapy during the informed consent process: The licensed psychologists’ perspectives. Unpublished dissertation.
• Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 105 N.E. 92 (N.Y.1914)
• Shapiro, D. L., & Smith, S. R. (2011). Malpractice in psychology: A practical resource for clinicians. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
• Sherlock, A., & Brownie, S. (2014). Patients’ recollection and understanding of informed consent: a literature review. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 84(4), 207-210.
• Shuman, D. W. (2005). Psychiatric and Psychological Evidence (3rd ed). Colorado Springs, Colorado: Shepard’s/McGraw-Hill.
• Smith, D. M. (2008). An uncertain privilege: Implied waiver and the evisceration of the psychotherapist-patient privilege in the federal courts. DePaul Law Review, 58, 79–151.
• Smith, D. M. (2010). The disordered and discredited plaintiff: Psychiatric evidence in civil litigation. Cardozo Law Review, 31, 749–822.
• Sokol, D. K. (2009). Informed consent is more than a patient’s signature. BMJ, 339.
• Strasburger, L. H., Gutheil, T. G., & Brodsky, A. (1997). On wearing two hats: Role conflict in serving as both psychotherapist and expert witness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(4), 448-456.
• Streseman, K. D. (1995). Headshrinkers, manmunchers, moneygrubbers, nuts & sluts: Reexamining compelled mental examinations in sexual harassment actions under the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Cornell Law Review, 80, 1268–1330.
• Sudtelgte v. Reno, No. 90-1016-CV-W-6, 1994 WL 3406 (W.D. Mo. Jan. 3, 1994).
• Sullivan, T., Martin, W. L., & Handelsman, M. M. (1993). Practical benefits of an informed-consent procedure: An empirical investigation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24(2), 160-163.
• Supreme Court of the United States. (2013). Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
• Supreme Court of the United States. (2013). Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
• Taylor v. United States, 222 F.2d 398, 401 (D.C. Cir. 1955)
• Vanderbilt v. Town of Chilmark, 174 F.R.D. 225 (D. Mass. 1997).
• Waits, C. (2001). The use of mental health records in child custody proceedings. Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers 17, 159–180.
• Watson, H., & Levine, M. (1989). Psychotherapy and mandated reporting of child abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(2), 246-256.
• Wheeler, A. M., Bertram, B., & Anderson, B. S. (2008). The counselor and the law: A guide to legal and ethical practice (7th ed.). Alexandria, VA: Amer Counseling Assn.
• Winick, B. J. (1992). On autonomy: Legal and psychological perspectives. Villanova Law Review, 37, 1705-1777.
• Wright, C. A., Graham Jr., K. W., Gold, V. J., Graham, M. H (2005). Federal practice and procedure: Federal rules of evidence. Eagan, Minnesota: Thomson West.
• Younggren, J. N., Fisher, M. A., Foote, W. E., & Hjelt, S. E. (2011). A legal and ethical review of patient responsibilities and psychotherapist duties. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(2), 160-168.
• Zimmerman, J., Hess, A. K., McGarrah, N. A., Benjamin, G. A. H., Ally, G. A., Gollan, J. K., & Kaser-Boyd, N. (2009). Ethical and professional considerations in divorce and child custody cases. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(6), 539.

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Additional References

• Barden, R.C. (2001) Informed consent in psychotherapy: A multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 29(2), 160-166.
• Barden, R. C. (2014). Reforming mental health care: How ending “recovered memory” treatments brought informed consent to psychotherapy. Psychiatric Times, 31(6), 28. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=08932905&v= 2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA375699180&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=fulltext&authCount=1&isAnonymousEntry=true
• Barnett, J. E. (2016). An introduction to boundaries and multiple relationships for psychotherapists. In O. Zur (Ed.). Multiple relationships in psychotherapy and counseling: Unavoidable, common, and mandatory dual relations in therapy, (pp. 17-29). New York, NY: Routledge.
• Beahrs, J.O., & Gutheil, T.G. (2001) Informed consent in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.4
• Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (1994). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Beeman, D.G., & Scott, N.A. (1991). Therapists’ attitudes toward psychotherapy informed consent with adolescents. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22(3), 230-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.22.3.230
• Berg, J. W., Lidz, C. W., Appelbaum, P. S., & Parker, L. S. (2001). Informed consent: Legal theory and clinical practice (2nd Ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
• Blease, C. R. (2015). Informed consent, the placebo effect and psychodynamic psychotherapy. In T. Schramme (Ed.), New Perspectives on Paternalism and Health Care (pp. 163-181). New York, NY: Springer International Publishing.
• Blease, C. R. (2015). Talking more about talking cures: Cognitive behavioural therapy and informed consent. Journal of Medical Ethics, 41(9), 750-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2014-102641
• Blease, C. R., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Kelley, J. M. (2016). Evidence-based practice and psychological treatments: The imperatives of informed consent. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979245/
• Borkosky, B & Smith, D.M. (2015) The risks and benefits of disclosing psychotherapy records to the legal system: What psychologists and patients need to know for informed consent. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 42, 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.003
• Cabaniss, D. L., Cherry, S., Douglas, C. J., & Schwartz, A. (2017). Informed consent and collaborative goal setting. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Clinical Manual (2nd Ed.), 71-79. DOI: 10.1002/9781119142010.ch7
• Cannell, J., Hudson, J.I., & Pope, H.G. (2001) Standards for informed consent in recovered memory therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 29, 138-147. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&UID=2001-01670-001
• Cunningham, M.D. (2006). Informed consent in capital sentencing evaluations: Targets and content. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(5), 452-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.452
• Donnelly, M. (2002). Consent. Crosses Green, Ireland: Cork University Press.
• Druml C. (2004). Informed consent of incapable (ICU) patients in Europe: Existing laws and the EU Directive. Curr Opin Crit Care, 10(6):570-573. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/co-criticalcare/Abstract/2004/12000/Informed_consent_of_incapable__ICU__patients_in.24.aspx
• Ferrer, R. A., Stanley, J. T., Graff, K., Klein, W. M., Goodman, N., Nelson, W. L., & Salazar, S. (2016). The effect of emotion on visual attention to information and decision making in the context of informed consent process for clinical trials. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 29(2-3), 245-253. DOI:10.1002/bdm.1871
• Fisher, J. A. (2006). Procedural misconceptions and informed consent: Insights from empirical research on the clinical trials industry. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 16(3), 251-268. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952303/
• Geraghty, K. J., & Blease, C. (2016). Cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: A narrative review on efficacy and informed consent. Journal of Health Psychology. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1359105316667798
• Gustafson, K.E., McNamara, J. R., & Jensen, J.A. (1994). Parents’ informed consent decisions regarding psychotherapy for their children: Consideration of therapeutic risks and benefits. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25(1), 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.25.1.16
• Handelsman, M.M., & Martin, W.L. (1992). Effects of readability on the impact and recall of written informed consent material. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 23(6), 500-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.23.6.500
• Hanson, L. R. (2003). Informed consent and the scope of a physician’s duty of disclosure. Specialty Law Digest: Health Care Law, 285, 9–34. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nordak77&div=11&id=&page=
• Hawkins, I.A., & Bullock, S.L. (1995). Informed consent and religious values: A neglected area of diversity. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(2), 293-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.32.2.293
• Heisig, S. R., Shedden-Mora, M. C., Hidalgo, P., & Nestoriuc, Y. (2015). Framing and personalizing informed consent to prevent negative expectations: An experimental pilot study. Health Psychology, 34(10)), 1033-1037. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2015-06508-001
• Hodgson, J., Mendenhall, T., & Lamson, A. (2013). Patient and provider relationships: Consent, confidentiality, and managing mistakes in integrated primary care settings. Families, Systems, & Health, 31(1), 28-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031771
• Holmes-Rovner, M., & Wills, C. E. (2002). Improving informed consent: Insights from behavioral decision research. Medical Care, 40, v30-v38. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/lww-medicalcare/Abstract/2002/09001/Improving_Informed_Consent__Insights_From.5.aspx
• Hudgins, C., Rose, S., Fifield, P. Y., & Arnault, S. (2013). Navigating the legal and ethical foundations of informed consent and confidentiality in integrated primary care. Families, Systems, & Health, 31(1), 9-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031974
• Ilgen, D.R., & Bell, B.S. (2001). Informed consent and dual purpose research. American Psychologist, 56(12), 1177. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/hrpubs/11/
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